Advance Warning Of H5N1 Influenza Outbreaks May Be Found In Shrimp Virus Reservoirs

Researchers at Replikins, Ltd.[1] have
discovered that the shrimp viruses White Spot Syndrome virus (WSSV) and
Taura Syndrome virus (TSV) - global lethal pathogens for shrimp - may be
reservoirs for the peptide building blocks of H5N1, or bird flu virus.



The H5N1 virus recently has been responsible for huge poultry losses in
many countries and for several hundred human cases, with approximately 50%
mortality. While migratory waterfowl are known to transport the H5N1
influenza virus globally, no reservoirs for this virus have been
identified[2].



Using FluForecast(R) proprietary technology, Replikins, Ltd.
researchers have identified a new group of virus peptides of specific
structure, called "replikins." The concentration of replikins in a virus
(quantitative Replikin Count) has been shown to be related to rapid
replication, and to be increased in epidemics and in the last three
influenza pandemics[1]. Quantitative determination of the concentration of
virus replikins by FluForecast(R), the company's proprietary software, has
made it possible to predict in advance the recent H5N1 outbreaks[1].




Replikins, Ltd. researchers found that shrimp viruses also contained
replikins, and asked if there might be a relation between shrimp viruses
and H5N1 influenza virus in waterfowl.



Using FluForecast(R), the following findings were obtained which
suggest that shrimp viruses may serve as one reservoir of replikin peptide
building blocks for H5N1 and other influenza strains:


1) Shrimp viruses WSSV and TSV were found to contain replikin peptide
sequences.


2) These shrimp virus sequences were found to be related in structure to
the replikin peptide sequences in H5N1 virus.


3) Shrimp WSSV replikins increased markedly in concentration in the year
2000, just before the increase in H5N1 virus Replikin Counts which
preceded the H5N1 outbreaks in chickens and humans of 2001-20061. The
increase in shrimp virus Replikin Count was not trivial: In shrimp
WSSV, which in dormant states was found to be less than 10 in the year
2000, reached 103.8. This is comparable only to the highest Count so
far observed in any organism in nature. (The highest Replikin Count to
date of 111 has been observed in the malaria species, pl. falciparum,
which replicates 11,000 times in 48 hours passing from liver to blood
in the host.)


4) Of the new shrimp replikins which appeared in 2000, the percent which
were short peptides was increased compared to dormant years. Short
replikins previously have been found to be related to high virulence
and high mortality in the host, whether animal or man.















5) These short shrimp virus replikins share structures with short
replikins in both H5N1 and other influenza strains going back 88 years
to the great pandemic of 1918.



A related example of virus reservoir activity in which the replikin
concentration was increased preceding an outbreak was found in the corona
viruses as a group. The Replikin Count of the corona virus group increased
markedly in 2002 before the outbreak of one of its members, SARS, in
2003[1]. In another study, further confirming the relationship of Replikin
Count to rapid replication, studies on replikins in two strains of human
HIV-1 virus have shown that the Replikin Count of a rapidly replicating
strain is sixfold greater than that of a slowly replicating strain. No
instances of rapid replication have been observed in all the organisms
examined in which the Replikin Count was not significantly increased
compared to the Count in the dormant state.



Advance forecasts of virus outbreaks, now possible with FluForecast(R),
have not previously been possible. The relation of Replikin Count to rapid
replication will be further used to examine virus reservoirs in both
poultry and aquatic organisms for coming influenza outbreaks in animals and
humans. Such forecasts now may permit time for preventive public health
measures to be mobilized and safer strain-specific vaccines to be
synthesized, tested, and mass produced.



Replikins, Ltd. is providing FluForecast(R) services to others. The
"Replikins Group" has been formed with a number of university, government,
and pharmaceutical institutes to test new synthetic Replikin vaccines
developed by Replikins, Ltd. which target rapid replication in emerging
viruses and a range of other infectious diseases.



References



1. Website: Replikins.



2. Check, E. On Border Patrol. Nature 442,348-350, 27 July, 2006.


Replikins, Ltd.

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